Miami, FL – ¿Quiere un chorizo con pimentón? ¿Qué tal un pedazo de mozzarella de leche de búfalo? O quizás busca algo más precioso, como un aire acondicionado importado o algunos habanos enrollados a mano a una fracción del precio oficial.
En un país marxista donde virtualmente toda la actividad económica está regulada, y donde los supermercados y las tiendas permanecen desabastecidos de productos básicos como el azúcar, los huevos y el papel higiénico, se puede conseguir casi todo en el próspero mercado negro de Cuba – si tiene un “amigo” o el número telefónico adecuado.
Una serie de cambios económicos introducidos durante el año pasado por el gobernante Raúl Castro, incluyendo el derecho a trabajar por cuenta propia en 178 empleos aprobados, ha sido descrito como una amplia apertura para el espíritu empresarial, en una isla de 11 millones de personas donde el estado emplea a más de cuatro de cada cinco trabajadores y controla virtualmente todos los medios de producción.
En realidad, muchos de los nuevos empleos, que van desde el vendedor de comida al fotógrafo de bodas, del manicurista al trabajador de la construcción, han existido durante años en la economía informal, y muchos de los que buscan licencias de trabajo ya ofrecen los mismos servicios por debajo de la mesa.
Y mientras el mercado negro en los países desarrollados puede estar dominado por las drogas, los DVD de contrabando y la prostitución, en Cuba abarca literalmente todo. Un hombre maneja diariamente su auto hacia La Habana con salchichas hechas a mano bajo el asiento del pasajero. Una mujer vende minifaldas apretadas de spandex y blusas de diseños chillones detrás de una cortina de flores en su destartalado apartamento.
Los economistas, y los cubanos de a pie, dicen que casi todos en la isla dependen de él.
“Todo el que tenga un trabajo roba algo”, dijo Marki, un fumador empedernido de 44 años que es especialista en transporte. “El muchacho que trabaja en la industria del azúcar roba azúcar para poder revenderla. La mujer que trabaja en textiles roba hilo para poder hacer sus propias ropas”.
Marki se gana la vida como una “mula”, al vender en tres tiendas clandestinas en La Habana ropa traída de Europa, y ha cumplido tiempo en prisión por sus actividades. Como varias de las personas entrevistadas para este artículo, estuvo de acuerdo en hablar a condición de que no se le identificara por temor a confrontar problemas con las autoridades.
Las mercancías fluyen en el mercado informal procedentes del extranjero, pero también de los bienes que desaparecen en bolsillos, mochilas e incluso camiones de los almacenes, fábricas, supermercados y oficinas del estado.
No hay estadísticas oficiales del gobierno sobre cuánto se roba cada año, aunque los robos menores se denuncian rutinariamente en la prensa oficial. El 21 de junio, el diario del partido comunista, Granma, informó que los esfuerzos para detener los robos en las empresas estatales en la capital han “dado un paso atrás” en meses recientes. El periódico culpó a los administradores por falta de supervisión después de un aumento inicial de cumplimiento con las exhortaciones de Castro para detener los hurtos.
“Los actos delictivos y de corrupción han aumentado debido a la falta de control interno”, dijo el diario.
Un extenso estudio en el 2005 del economista canadiense Archibald Ritter examinó las muchas formas en que los cubanos incrementan sus salarios de apenas $20 al mes por medio del comercio ilegal –desde una mujer que vende espagueti robado de puerta en puerta, a un cantinero en un centro turístico que sustituye el ron de alta calidad con su propia bebida alcohólica, a un reparador de bicicletas que vende las piezas de repuesto que saca por la puerta trasera. Ritter y otros que estudian la economía cubana dicen que es imposible estimar el valor del dólar en el mercado negro.
“Se puede probablemente decir que el 95 por ciento o más de la población participa en la economía subterránea en una forma u otra. Está tremendamente difundida”, aseveró Ritter, quien trabaja como profesor en la Universidad Carlton en Ottawa. “Robarle al estado es, para los cubanos, como traer leña del bosque o recoger moras en un terreno de nadie. Se considera propiedad pública, que de otra forma no se usaría en forma productiva, así que ellos se ayudan a sí mismos”.
Los cubanos tienen incluso un término para obtener las cosas que necesitan, legal o ilegalmente: “resolver”. Durante décadas, ha tenido sus connotaciones negativas y ahora se toma como una necesidad para sobrevivir.
Marki, la “mula”, dijo que abriría con gusto una boutique de ropas importadas si los dirigentes de la isla cambian alguna vez la economía marxista por el capitalismo. Hasta entonces, agregó, él y muchos de sus compatriotas vivirán y trabajarán al margen de la ley – y ninguna cantidad de multas, detenciones o tiempo en la cárcel lo disuadirán de ello.
“La mitad de Cuba vive del mercado negro”, dijo Marki con una sonrisa. “Y la otra mitad depende de él. Para mí, es algo indetenible”.
GRACIAS A LA MISERIA. En un país marxista donde virtualmente toda la actividad económica está regulada, y donde los supermercados y las tiendas permanecen desabastecidos de productos básicos como el azúcar, los huevos y el papel higiénico, se puede conseguir casi todo en el próspero mercado negro de Cuba.
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